FileWave General Info

• FileWave Components
• How does FileWave work?
• Default TCP and UDP Port Usage
• Networking - Assign static IP Address for a FileWave Appliance
• FileWave Debian Appliances and Networking Issues
• Allow External Devices to Connect to the FileWave Server and Boosters
• Importing FileWave Virtual Appliance - Hyper-V
• Setting the Password on First Login to FileWave Appliances (15.5+)
• Naming conventions and acronyms
• Scripting
• Execute macOS scripts as Defined User
• Execute Powershell Scripts as Defined User
• macOS 10.15+ and zsh shell for scripting
• Referencing Launch Arguments in Scripts
• Script Best Practices
• Scripting Languages supported in FileWave
• Using PsExec to Test PowerShell 32bit Scripts on Windows with FileWave
• What languages does FileWave support?
• Troubleshooting
• Apple MDM Troubleshooting
• Backup Procedures for FileWave Hosted Servers
• FileWave Error Codes
• FileWave Log File Locations
• How to Restart FileWave Components
• Resolving Network Issues with FileWave Server or Boosters on macOS when using Carbon Black EDR Extension
• What is Compatibility Mode?
• FileWave Automation Scripts
• Rufus - Creating bootable USB drives

FileWave Components

In this section, we will describe the key FileWave components:

FileWave Server

The FileWave Server is the central repository hosting every file to be delivered to Clients. It consists of five processes and a web server. The first process interacts with logged-in Administrators. The second process services incoming requests from Clients and Boosters. The third process interacts with a directory server through LDAP. The fourth process communicates with Apple and Microsoft software update servers to download the current lists of available software updates. The fifth process is the Postgres database service for Inventory and MDM. Finally, the web server is the FileWave MDM Server; it handles Mobile Device Management (MDM) components. Detailed information on setting up the FileWave server is covered in Chapter 2 of this manual.

FileWave Central application

The FileWave Central application is the primary interface to the FileWave Server. The FileWave Admin displays different views that give a representation of the FileWave Server's database. These views are the Dashboard, Clients, Filesets, Associations, Imaging, optional Classroom, iOS Inventory, License Management, Boosters, and Inventory Queries views. FileWave Admin also acts as the unified management console for creating and administering FileWave administrator accounts; network imaging for the Imaging Appliance; managing Apple DEP and VPP associations; system software updates for iOS 9+, OS X (macOS) and Windows; and overall management of all devices and Filesets. Multiple instances of the FileWave Admin application can be in use at the same time with specific devices, Groups and Filesets assigned to various administrator accounts. Detailed information on configuring and using the FileWave Admin application is in Chapter 2 of this manual.

FileWave Anywhere

The FileWave Web Console is an Inventory tool designed to help with quick FileWave inventory references for specific clients in your server. Within the Web Console you will be able to view all devices currently enrolled, their Filesets, installed applications, users who have logged in, what groups they are apart of, and in the case of MDM enrolled Apple devices the command history. For more information please visit the page linked here.

FileWave Client (macOS and Windows)

The FileWave Client has two processes, fwcld and fwGUI. The first runs as a Launch Daemon on macOS and as a service on Windows. This means it runs in the background without any user interface. The client starts automatically after being installed and each time the computer boots. The fwcld process always runs with root (Mac) or local system (Win) privileges to allow for maximum access by any management operations. The second process, fwGUI, handles user interaction with the client, such as asking the client to quit open applications and informing them of the status when activating Filesets that require rebooting. The fwGUI process is what provides the Kiosk / self-service functionality. The Imaging Virtual Server (IVS) contains a modified version of the fwcld for reporting its status back to the FileWave Admin. Chapter 4 of this manual covers the installation and configuration of the FileWave client.

Filesets

FileWave's patented Fileset technology provides the ability to distribute applications, content, and management settings at the file level. While FileWave supports distribution of the standard .pkg and .msi packages, its capability to distribute individual files, application bundles, content, and management profiles allows for a level of granular control missing from other client management solutions. Filesets can be distributed to clients and cached for activation at a later date; a process that provides maximum scalability and control over the deployment cycle.

When a Fileset is distributed, it is protected from network outages. If there is an interruption in the transmission, FileWave will resume the distribution as soon as the network is restored. Filesets can also be modified after distribution. If any portion of the Fileset is modified by the administrator, only that specific portion of the Fileset is sent out to the associated clients. This process greatly reduces the network traffic. Another feature is the ability to deploy content and roll back to the previous version of that item if there is a problem with the deployed item. Self-healing functionality allows a Fileset to automatically repair itself if the end user deletes a portion of the payload. Chapter 5 of this manual covers the creation, configuration, distribution, and management of Filesets.

Self-service Kiosk

FileWave's self-service Kiosk provides the ability to allow end users access to content with their own device. In a BYOD deployment, you could post institutionally owned applications, documents, and updates for the end users to install at their convenience. In most of the deployment models, you can assign custom application sets to Groups as needed. Users do not need to be local administrators in order to install applications or content. End users can be provided with new applications, updates, documents, and other key content needed. The end user also has the option of un-installing that same content to free up space as needed. Use and configuration of the Kiosk is covered in Chapter 4.

Booster

The FileWave Booster is designed to act as a Fileset caching device for computer clients assigned to it as well as as to handle all Client-Server communications. Unlimited Boosters are allowed, regardless of license count or type. The FileWave Boosters allow administrators to increase the speed and scale of the Server's distribution of Filesets to Clients as well as offloading the overhead for constantly opening sockets for Client communications. When a set of Clients are connected to a Booster, their total network load on the Server will be roughly equivalent to a single Client connecting directly to the Server from that location. The use of Boosters can benefit remote sites with bandwidth constraints by providing a focused, local target for Clients as well as a single point of distribution from upstream.

Boosters are designed to work with Windows, OS X (macOS), and Android clients. iOS clients do not have the ability to use a Booster for cached Filesets, but they can utilize a Mac caching server, part of macOS that runs just fine on a Mac mini. 

Imaging Virtual Server (IVS)

The FileWave Imaging Virtual Server is a standalone Linux container (Debian) that you can download from the Downloads page and run on any device that supports a Virtual Machine application, such as VMware™. The IVS provides NetBoot and PXEboot services. Storage for network images for Mac and Windows, as well as Windows Drivers images is now on the FileWave server. FileWave Admin provides the management console for associating network images with designated client computers. 

Dashboard

FileWave provides an integrated Dashboard displaying a snapshot of the current status of the FileWave infrastructure. The Dashboard can be "torn off" to run on a separate display, and you can copy the URL of the Dashboard to provide to another systems administrator for viewing on their own device, including on a tablet. The information posted includes the status of all major services, such as DEP, VPP, and LDAP; account sync status; server performance status; and server licenses; plus much more.

How does FileWave work?

FileWave is a combination of tools and services integrated through a common administrative application front end. Since the FileWave Admin application is multi-platform, using Apple's macOS and Microsoft Windows, a systems administrator is not limited to a single platform for day-to-day lifecycle management. The FileWave basic workflow involves the 'push-pull' interaction between the FileWave Admin, FileWave server, and FileWave clients.

A FileWave administrator creates a Fileset which resides on the FileWave Server. Filesets contain applications, images, profiles, books, settings, or other content are associated with client devices. The FileWave Client is sent a Manifest that identifies a new Fileset. The Client then requests the Fileset, that may be cached at a FileWave Booster in order to provide better scalability. A basic FileWave configuration consists of a single administrator connecting to a FileWave Server to manage and maintain a set of clients. Multiple administrators may be in use, as well as Boosters to decrease network load by distributing Filesets closer to the client systems as well as, with FileWave handling all Client-Server communications, with the exception of inventory. Each of the major components is described in the following section.

To learn more you can review the Evaluation Guide or video our video based intro course FileWave Foundry: Onboarding Videos

Default TCP and UDP Port Usage

FileWave software uses the below-listed TCP/IP ports. These are default settings and may be configured to listen on different ports if required. Consider FileWave Server should not have IPv6 enabled for the best experience.

Port Testing

Please consider downloading the FileWave Port Testing macOS/Windows utility to confirm communication of Google Cloud Messaging, Apple Push Notifications and connectivity between device network(s) and Server/Boosters.

The following may be run from the server to confirm Apple, Microsoft, and FileWave services:

Server Command Line

sudo /usr/local/filewave/python/bin/python /usr/local/filewave/django/manage.pyc check_connections

TeamViewer Ports

TeamViewer has an additional set of ports to consider:

https://community.teamviewer.com/English/kb/articles/4139-ports-used-by-teamviewer

FileWave Server Ports

MDM default port is now 20445 as shown throughout this KB. On older versions of FileWave, this was 20443. To confirm the defined port, check the Port setting in FileWave Central > Preferences > Mobile > MDM Server > Port

The ports in this table are listed from the FileWave Server’s perspective, so the “Server In/Out” column indicates the direction of traffic relative to the Server.

NATS includes: Remote Control Publishing, Remote Control Routing, device renaming, revoking device certificates, push notifications
*** Also used by FileWave Central to vendor Software Update Servers.

Configuring port 20015 also automatically configures SSL port; 20017 [port entered +2].  20015 is now deprecated and 20017 will be used where 20015 is set.  Open port 20017 alone for Client communication.

FileWave Central Ports

The ports in this table are listed from FileWave Central's perspective, so the “In/Out” column indicates the direction of traffic relative to the macOS or Windows running Central there.

FileWave Kiosk Ports

The ports in this table are listed from the Kiosk on the Client's perspective, so the “In/Out” column indicates the direction of traffic relative to the macOS or Windows Kiosk running there.

FileWave Client Ports

The ports in this table are listed from the FileWave Client's perspective, so the “In/Out” column indicates the direction of traffic relative to the macOS or Windows Client.

*** Also used by FileWave Central to vendor Software Update Servers.

FileWave Booster Ports

The ports in this table are listed from the Booster's perspective, so the “In/Out” column indicates the direction of traffic relative to the Booster.

NATS includes: Remote Control Publishing, Remote Control Routing, device renaming, revoking device certificates, push notifications
*** Also used by FileWave Central to vendor Software Update Servers.

Configuring port 20013 also automatically configures SSL ports; 20014 [port entered +1] and 20018 [port entered + 5].  20013 is now deprecated and 20014 will be used where 20013 is set.  Open port 20014 alone for Client to Booster communication.  Open ports 20014 and 20018 for Booster to Booster communication.

Booster should be able to connect with Microsoft OS Updates URL, if using FileWave to manage Windows Software Updates.

Apple MDM Ports

The ports in this table are listed from the FileWave Server’s perspective, so the “Server In/Out” column indicates the direction of traffic relative to the Server and these ports are specifically those needed to manage Apple devices. Apple devices will also need to reach the Apple servers on 17.0.0.0/8.

Android EMM Ports

The ports in this table are listed from the FileWave Server’s perspective, so the “Server In/Out” column indicates the direction of traffic relative to the Server and these ports are specifically those needed to manage Android devices. Android devices will also need to reach the Google's servers.

Chromebook Ports

The ports in this table are listed from the FileWave Server’s perspective, so the “Server In/Out” column indicates the direction of traffic relative to the Server and these ports are specifically those needed to manage Google Chromebook devices. Chromebook devices will also need to reach the Google's servers.

Windows MDM Ports

The ports in this table are listed from the FileWave Server’s perspective, so the “Server In/Out” column indicates the direction of traffic relative to the Server and these ports are specifically those needed to manage Windows MDM devices. Windows devices will also need to reach the Microsoft's servers.

NOTE: The FileWave client will also be installed and all previously listed FileWave client ports are required.

FileWave IVS Ports

‡ TCP/IP & UDP
‡‡ UDP only

Networking - Assign static IP Address for a FileWave Appliance

For the Linux based FileWave Server, Booster, or IVS if you cannot use the port https://server:10000 to change network setting please follow the instructions below:

Debian Linux

Changing the IP address in Debian 12 involves different steps compared to CentOS. The following guide is tailored for Debian servers using the interfaces file, but you could also use Webmin on your server assuming the server comes online initially with DHCP.

For Webmin know that you will need to go to Webmin -> Webmin Configuration -> Operating System and Environment and make sure it's set to Debian 12.4 (Or whatever version we are at when you set up your system. You can see this with cat /etc/debian_version on the server.

1. Locate Network Interface:
   

   First, identify the network interface you wish to configure. You can list all network interfaces using:
   

   networkctl list

   

    

2. Edit the /etc/network/interfaces file: Using 'nano', edit the interfaces file to set the network configurations.
   

   nano /etc/network/interfaces

   Your default interfaces file should look something like this (your interface name may be different):
   

   # The loopback network interface
   auto lo eth0
   iface lo inet loopback
   
   # The primary network interface
   iface eth0 inet dhcp

   Change the file to look like this, using your network preferences (note 'dhcp' has been changed to 'static' in line 6)
   

   # The loopback network interface
   auto lo eth0
   iface lo inet loopback
   
   # The primary network interface
   iface eth0 inet static
   address 192.168.10.33
   netmask 255.255.255.0
   broadcast 192.168.10.255
   dns-nameservers 192.168.10.254 192.168.10.255

3. Verify Resolv.conf, hosts and hostname files: Verify that these files in /etc/ are configured correctly for your network and server.
   /etc/resolv.conf: This file should list your DNS servers
   
   /etc/hosts: This file should point your FQDN to localhost (127.0.0.1)
   
   /etc/hostname: Specifies the hostname for your server. This is filewave by default.
   
   
4. Disable IPv6 (For IVS): Edit the sysctl.config file by adding the following lines to the end of the file
   

   nano /etc/sysctl.config

   net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
   net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1
   net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1
   net.ipv6.conf.tun0.disable_ipv6 = 1

5. Restart/Check Network Status:
   

   systemctl restart networking.service
   
   systemctl status networking.service

6. Verify IP:
   

   ip a

Related Content

• FileWave Debian Appliances and Networking Issues

FileWave Debian Appliances and Networking Issues

What

FileWave provides pre-built Appliances, quick to setup and peace of mind all should be well.  These currently include:

• FileWave Server
• Booster
• IVS

Out of the box, FileWave Appliances are configured to use DHCP. You should note that these concepts in this article apply in general to any Debian installation, but the Applicances come in a specific state so this article is focused more directly on them.  

It is recommended that these are set to use static IPs, either from reconfiguring the Appliance or by way of DHCP reservations.

Why

FileWave cannot know in advance any network configuration, since each network will have its own unique setup.  However, static IP addresses provide greater reliability of service and faster data exchange with the aim to guarantee uptime.  As such, although the Appliances are built with DHCP configured, this should be addressed on initial configuration of the Appliance.

Information

The following articles offer details for configuring static addresses on FileWave Appliances:

• FileWave Server Setup
• Networking - Assign static IP Address for a FileWave Booster Appliance
• IVS Control Commands

However, it is also possible to use DHCP IP reservations, forcing an IP address per MAC address; configured on the DHCP server instead.

Troubleshooting

Example customer report to the FileWave Support Team:

Report

“Despite having a DHCP IP reservation the Booster was not being assigned the defined IP.”

Resolution

In this instance, working with the customer, the FileWave Support team helped identify 2 DHCP servers offering addresses for this same subnet and only one was configured to assign the correct static IP.

Recommendation

The following considerations should be noted:

• Where multiple DHCP servers are considered necessary to server a subnet, ensure each DHCP server is configured for a unique addresses pool; multiple DHCP servers should not be configured to provide the same addresses in a given subnet. 
• Since only one DHCP server should provide any one single IP for a subnet, when mixing DHCP with static reservations, only one server can be configured to offer an IP for any one MAC address in a given subnet.
• The consequence of the above: for static reservations, only add the MAC address for a device on one DHCP server for that subnet, which is handling the range of the desired IP.

Overlapping address pools and relying on DHCP synchronisation is not recommended.

The below table shows some commands that were useful during the troubleshooting of the described example issue:

ip a

ls /sys/class/net

dhclient <name of network interface>

arp -a

Examples:

'ip' command listing two defined interfaces.  In the example, 'ens192' is the active network interface for all external traffic.

# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens192: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:1d:1c:75 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp11s0
    inet 10.85.1.9/24 brd 10.85.1.255 scope global ens192
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

'lo' is the local loopback address

Assists in displaying the MAC address if required for DHCP static IP reservation

The below command more simplistically displays the names of the interfaces alone:

# ls /sys/class/net
ens192	lo

Were an appliance to pick up an 'incorrect' IP, it may be necessary to force the device to establish a new IP from the DHCP server.  Using the above example, the network interface name is 'ens192'.  Therefore the command would appear as:

# dhclient ens192

The dhclient command should be ran as root

The 'arp' command can be useful in identifying network conflicts.  The below example shows the DHCP/DNS server, along with two devices that the FileWave Appliance is now aware.

# arp -a
Linksys38496.home (10.85.1.1) at d8:9f:80:4c:24:67 [ether] on ens192
FW1063.home (10.85.1.230) at 5c:96:cf:db:62:3b [ether] on ens192
ml1063.home (10.85.1.136) at ac:d0:74:68:23:6d [ether] on ens192

Related Content

• Networking - Assign static IP Address for a FileWave Appliance

Allow External Devices to Connect to the FileWave Server and Boosters

Now that most Organizations are supporting E-Learn and/or remote work environments, you may want to open up your firewall to allow devices outside of your network to connect to the FileWave Server and Boosters.

If you have multiple Boosters, not all have to be opened up externally. We recommend roughly one Booster for around every 2000 Clients. If you'd like to create additional Boosters and keep your existing Boosters internal, you can find information about setting up a new Booster here: Booster installation

DNS Settings

In order for devices to connect on an external network, the FileWave Server and Boosters will first need to be set up with a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) that can be resolved outside the network.

Server and booster hostnames using local domains (.local, .corp etc.) or IP addresses will not be able to allow devices to connect outside of its private network. And, changing the hostname can not be taken lightly because this change on the server will cause Clients and mobile devices to stop communicating with the server.  See more: Root Trusted Certificate

You can confirm your internal DNS settings by running the following commands on a computer inside your network.

Replace 'myserver.domain' with your Server/Booster FQDN.

This will use your devices current DNS settings

nslookup myserver.domain

Then run the command doing an external lookup (on a device outside of the network).

nslookup myserver.domain 8.8.8.8

If nslookup doesn't resolve to the correct IP (or not at all), you will need to make DNS changes...best to contact your Network Administrator to get this set up.

Inside, then an Outside Example:

$ nslookup server.filewave.com
Server:		192.168.1.1
Address:	192.168.1.1#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:	preview.filewave.com
Address: 10.1.10.45

$ nslookup server.filewave.com 8.8.8.8
Server:		8.8.8.8
Address:	8.8.8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:	preview.filewave.com
Address: 52.38.32.242

See how inside we got a 10.1.10.45 address, and looking outside we got a 52.38.32.242 IP address? This server's FQDN is setup inside and outside properly.

Network Changes

Once DNS is correct, the next thing you'll need to do is configure your firewall to allow external incoming traffic to your Server and Booster(s) on the following ports:

Server: 20017, 20022, 20441, 20443 and 20445

Boosters:  20014, 20026. and 20030

If you'd like to know more about what these ports are used for, you can find that information here: Default TCP and UDP Port Usage

Testing the Network for External Communication

Once the changes are in place on the network, you will want to test the connection to be sure devices can communicate with the server. 

First, download our Port Tester on a computer connected to an external network. You can find the Port Tester here: https://supportresources.filewave.com. 

Once it's installed, input the Server/Booster's FQDN in the Hostname field. You can toggle the switch next to the port numbers to autofill the ports for the Server or Booster or input them yourself. 

Select 'Go' and if all the necessary ports come back successful, you're all set! 

Connecting your Clients to the External Boosters

If you don't already have your Clients pointing to the Boosters you selected to make available outside the network, you will need to create a Superprefs Fileset to deploy these changes.

You can learn more about creating and deploying Superprefs here: Creating a Superprefs Fileset

Related Content

• Securing FileWave Server on the Internet for Remote Device Management

Importing FileWave Virtual Appliance - Hyper-V

FileWave's Hyper-V VMs are usually built using the latest version of Hyper-V, typically the same one that comes with the newest version of Windows Server. When importing the FileWave Server, IVS, or on older Windows OS'es, the Hyper-V Manager console may not be able to detect the VM due to changes in the formatting of the VM XML definition file. This doesn't mean you can't add them to Hyper-V though.

Instead of importing the Hyper-V VM, add a new VM and point it to the existing VHD for the FileWave Server, Booster or IVS. Then specify the following hardware configuration to replace the missing info that was lost by discarding the VM XML definition file.

FileWave Server/Booster - 4 CPUs, 8 GB RAM
IVS - 4 CPUs, 4 GB RAM

Step-by-step guide

Follow these steps for the FileWave server component you wish to add to Hyper-V

1. Copy the .vhdx file for the desired FileWave server component to the same folder where the VHDs for all your other VMs reside. Rename it as desired so you know which server component it's for, e.g. IVS.vhdx.
2. Go to Action > New > Virtual Machine.
3. Select "Generation 1" for the firmware type. Note that in FileWave 15.5.0 we released a Generation 2 image which may be preferred if your version of HyperV supports it.
4. Assign either 8192 (FileWave Server/Booster) or 4096 (IVS & Engage Server) for Startup memory and check "Use Dynamic Memory" for this virtual machine.
5. Connect the NIC to an external virtual switch where the server can pick up an IP address on your LAN.
6. Pick "Use an existing virtual hard disk" and browse to the .vhdx file for your VM.

Note that the IVS has two virtual NICs although only one of them will pick up an IP address. There's already one present by default so you'll have to edit the settings for the VM and add a second one by picking Add Hardware at the top of the Hardware section on the left-hand pane. Choose Network Adapter on the right and click the Add button.
Connect this second adapter to your virtual switch and click the Apply button.

All FileWave server components should have a static IP rather than a dynamic one. You can either assign them a static IP outside of your DHCP pool or set a client reservation for them so they get the same IP address from the DHCP pool every time. For client reservations, you'll need to configure the virtual NICs with static MAC addresses since the MAC address is needed to set the client reservation. In the Advanced Features section for each virtual NIC change the MAC address to Static.

For the IVS you'll need to log in locally and run ifconfig to determine the MAC address for the virtual NIC that is pulling an IP address (usually eth1), as opposed to the other adapter that doesn't get an IP address.

Setting the Password on First Login to FileWave Appliances (15.5+)

What

Starting from FileWave version 15.5.0, there have been important changes to the default login process and security features of the FileWave Appliance:

1.  Disabled Root Login: The root user is now disabled from logging in directly to enhance security.
2. New Default User - User: fwadmin (as of 15.4.0), default password: filewave.
3. Mandatory Password Change: On the first login, fwadmin will be prompted to change the password. It’s crucial to choose a secure password and keep a record of it.
4. Sudo Access: The fwadmin user has sudo privileges to perform administrative tasks that require root access.
5. Enhanced Security with Fail2Ban: Fail2Ban has been added to protect against unauthorized access attempts. It will temporarily block IP addresses after a number of failed login attempts.

For security, the account for root is disabled as of version 15.4.0.

These changes apply to new Debian-based Appliances starting from version 15.5.0 and onward.

Existing Debian Appliances will not have these changes implemented unless you manually make the changes or migrate to a new Appliance.

When/Why

These changes have been implemented to strengthen the security of your FileWave Appliance:

• Prevent Unauthorized Access: Disabling direct root login reduces the risk of unauthorized access, as root accounts are common targets for attackers.
• Enforce Stronger Passwords: Prompting a password change on first login ensures that default credentials are not used, which are often exploited.
• Monitor and Block Attacks: Fail2Ban helps in detecting and preventing brute-force attacks by banning IP addresses that show malicious signs.
• Promote Best Security Practices: Encouraging the use of sudo and secure passwords aligns with industry best practices for system administration.

Existing Appliances

To benefit from these changes either:

• Manually Implement the Changes: Adjust your current Appliance settings to match the new security configurations.
• Migrate to a New Appliance: Set up a new Appliance with version 15.5.0 or later and migrate your data accordingly.

How

First Login and Password Change

1. Access the Appliance: Connect to your FileWave Appliance via SSH or console.
2. Login as fwadmin: Use the username fwadmin and the default password filewave.
3. Change Password: You will be prompted to change the password immediately.
   • Enter New Password: Choose a strong, unique password.
   • Confirm New Password: Re-enter the password to confirm.
4. Note the Password: Keep the new password in a secure place.

Using Sudo for Administrative Tasks

Run Commands with Sudo: Prefix administrative commands with sudo.

sudo apt-get update

Enter Password When Prompted: You may be asked for your fwadmin password when executing sudo commands.

Fail2Ban Security Measures

• Automatic IP Blocking: After several failed login attempts, Fail2Ban will block the offending IP address temporarily.
• Check Ban Status:
  

  sudo fail2ban-client status sshd

• Unban an IP (if necessary):
  

  sudo fail2ban-client set sshd unbanip <IP_ADDRESS>

Best Practices

• Do Not Expose SSH to the Internet: Keep SSH access limited to trusted networks.
• Use Strong Passwords: Incorporate letters, numbers, and special characters.
• Regularly Update the Appliance: Keep your system updated to patch vulnerabilities.
• Monitor Access Logs: Regularly check logs for any unauthorized access attempts.

Related Content

• FileWave Version 15.5.0

Naming conventions and acronyms

What

FileWave Knowledge Base articles will sometimes use acronyms, and occasionally we may miss giving detail or context, but we try to always use the full name once or explain the term. This will be a list of terms you can refer to when unsure.

Alphabetical list of terms:

A

• ABM - Apple Business Manager is a web-based portal designed for businesses and organizations to manage Apple devices and services. It provides tools for device deployment, app distribution, and configuration management. ABM allows businesses to streamline device procurement, deploy custom apps, enforce security policies, and centrally manage Apple devices for improved efficiency and productivity.

• ADE - Apple Device Enrollment is a program that simplifies the deployment and management of Apple devices within organizations. It allows for easy enrollment of devices into a mobile device management solution, automating configuration and saving time in the setup process.
• Admin - When you see FileWave Admin used it is frequently referring to FileWave Central and FileWave Anywhere, but some older documentation may only be referring to FileWave Central. 
• Administrator - A user that may log into the FileWave Server via the Admin application.
• Anywhere API (v2) - The second RESTful API that is used by FileWave Anywhere and usually commands are on TCP 443 unless you have changed the port that FileWave Anywhere operates on.

• AppleSeed - AppleSeed is an invitation-only program offered by Apple that allows selected users to test pre-release software and provide feedback to Apple's engineering teams. Participants in the AppleSeed program get early access to upcoming software updates and can help identify and report bugs, ensuring a more stable and polished user experience before the software is released to the general public.

• Archive - To archive a device is to remove it from active monitoring. The device remains in the database with its last reporting information intact; but the device is no longer counted as an active Client. Archiving a Client frees up one Client license.

• ASM - Apple School Manager is a web-based portal provided by Apple for educational institutions to manage Apple devices and services. It allows schools to easily deploy and manage Apple devices, distribute apps and books, create Apple IDs for students and staff, and configure settings for a seamless educational experience.

• Associations - An Association is made between a Fileset and a Client or Client Group and represents the link between the two objects. Time-based attributes can be assigned to the Association. Associations are how distributions are made. You can also make associations between images and clients, licenses and Filesets, and VPP users and devices.
• Attributes - Properties of files that specify how the files are treated once the FileWave Client activates them.
• Azure - Now called "Microsoft Entra". It is a Directory Service from Microsoft.  

B

• Booster - A Linux, macOS, or Windows system running software that caches software deployments for macOS and Windows clients.

C

• Clients - A Client represents one computer with the FileWave Client software installed or a mobile device that has been enrolled.
• Client Group - A client Group is a container of like Clients and/or Client Groups.
• Client State - The current condition of a client device as reported to the Admin. The states are: Normal, Missing, Not Tracked, or Archive. A Normal device is fully accessible by the FW and the location is being tracked. A Missing device has been reported as stolen or not where it belongs and tracking is active. Not Tracked means that the device is monitored by FW Admin for all standard characteristics; but location tracking is disabled. An Archived device has been placed into stasis. It is no longer actively monitored by FW; but the last known device settings are available in Inventory.
• Clone - A Clone is an alias of a Client or Client Group that can exist in many Client Groups.
• Cloudv1 - Our original hosted server environment which is running in AWS with Linux based VMs.
• Cloudv2 - Our newer hosted server environment which is running in AWS with Docker/Kubernetes.
  
• Command Line API (v1) - The initial RESTful API for FileWave. Commands happen on TCP 20443 and 20445.

D

• DEP - Device Enrollment Program (DEP) is a service provided by Apple that enables organizations to streamline the initial setup and configuration of Apple devices. DEP allows devices to be automatically enrolled in a mobile device management (MDM) solution during the activation process, ensuring that they are pre-configured with the necessary settings and policies defined by the organization. DEP simplifies device provisioning, enhances security, and enables seamless device management for organizations deploying a large number of Apple devices.

F

• File - A File in a Fileset represents a file that will be delivered to a specific location for a FileWave Client. Files have attributes and permissions.
• Folder - Files in a Fileset can be organized into Folders (directories). A file is activated in the corresponding folder on the boot volume of the FileWave Client. Folders do NOT have attributes; they only have permissions.
• Fileset - A set of common files and/or folders (directories) meant for delivery to a FileWave Client with a wrapper that contains a detailed listing of the Fileset contents, including permissions and a checksum for each part (to facilitate non-corrupt delivery to clients). In FileWave Central it is called Fileset and in FileWave Anywhere it is called a Payload. The two terms Fileset and Payload are really the same item type.
• FileWave Admin - Now called FileWave Central.
• FileWave Anywhere - The web-based administration tool.
• FileWave Central - The native administration tool that runs on macOS and Windows.
• FileWave WebAdmin - Now called FileWave Anywhere.
• FW - FileWave the company.

G

• Geofencing - A way to define a boundary that a device should not enter or exit. Geofencing is used with Location Tracking for Android devices.
• Geolocation Tracking - Another way of referring to Location Tracking.
  

H

• Hosted Customer - Any customer where FileWave runs the server itself in either our Cloudv1 or Cloudv2 infrastructure.

I

• IVS - Imaging Virtual Server - A Linux Linux-based used for Windows imaging. The server sits on your network to capture and deploy images.

K

• Kiosk - The self-service portal to the FileWave server for a specified device. The Kiosk contains an Install pane with associated applications and content for that device/Apple ID, and in the case of OS X (macOS)/Windows computers, an Info pane with device configuration information and a Verify button for the user to initiate a request to the Server to verify, update, and repair any associated Filesets.

L

• Location Tracking - Used to locate devices and works with macOS, AppleTV, iOS, iPadOS, Windows, Chromebook, and Android. This is also sometimes referred to as Geolocation or Geolocation Tracking.

M

• Management Mode - In FileWave 11, we added a new client flag (for computer clients). It has two values: Managed (normal mode) and Inventory only. The latter setting allows you to have your client reporting data to FileWave, but will not be affected by any Filesets except for upgrade Filesets. Inventory only does consume a client license.
• Manifest - This is the list of things that a FileWave Server tells a FileWave Client it should have installed, removed, or available in the Kiosk. When you update the Model in FileWave it creates an updated Manifest which is used to determine what a FileWave Client receives. 
• Microsoft Entra - Entra (formerly named Azure) is a cloud computing platform and set of services provided by Microsoft. It offers a wide range of cloud-based services, including computing power, storage, networking, analytics, machine learning, and more. Microsoft Entra allows businesses to build, deploy, and manage applications and services using Microsoft-managed data centers spread across the globe. It provides scalability, reliability, and security, making it a popular choice for organizations seeking cloud-based solutions for their infrastructure, applications, and data storage needs.
• Model Update - The command that is issued to the FileWave Server to lock in all changes that have been made by an Administrator. During a model update, all modified Filesets are updated on the server, the Server model is incremented, and the automatic backup process stores the previous model. Filesets are activated based on their scheduled attributes the next time the Client checks in with the Server.

O

• On-Premise - The term used to refer to running a FileWave Server on your own network. 

P

• Payload - A term for the item in FileWave that is a bundle of content that can contain files, policies, and profiles. In FileWave Central it is called Fileset and in FileWave Anywhere it is called a Payload. The two terms Fileset and Payload are really the same item type.
• Permissions - Properties of files and folders that specify the access rights of the files and folders. Permissions are set when the FileWave Client activates the files and folders in a Fileset. Self-healing also sets permissions during the verification phase.

R

• Release - Another name for version. If I say "release 15.3.1" with no other references to indicate what it is about then it would usually mean version 15.3.1 of FileWave.
• RESTful API - Another name for the Command Line API (v1) and you may hear it referred to as either name because originally there was a single API and it was RESTful. Now there are 2 different APIs and both are RESTful so it makes more sense to not call it the RESTful API. 

T

• Time Attribute - A Time Attribute is a property of an Association that specifies the Time a FileWave Client executes an action.

V

• VPP - Volume Purchase Program (VPP) is an Apple program that allows businesses and educational institutions to purchase apps and books in bulk for distribution to their employees or students. It provides a centralized platform for organizations to buy, manage, and distribute apps, simplifying the process of app procurement and licensing for multiple devices.

W

• WinGet - A command-line tool and package manager for Windows operating systems. It allows users to discover, install, update, and uninstall software applications from the command line or through scripts. With Winget, users can search for available software packages from the Microsoft Store as well as third-party repositories. It simplifies the software management process by providing a centralized tool for handling installations and updates, making it easier to maintain a collection of software applications on Windows systems.

Scripting

Execute macOS scripts as Defined User

Description

By default, the FileWave Client executes scripts and tasks with elevated permissions (root on macOS). The below shows a method to launch a command as an alternate user when ran through FileWave.

Ingredients

• Text editor
• FileWave Central

Directions

The sudo command may be used to define a user to run a command.  Launchctl may also be used to define a user.  In some instances only one of these options may be successful.  However, both may be defined in the same command at the same time, increasing the chances of success.

The below method not only shows a method to define the user, but grabs the current 'console' user.  

#!/bin/zsh
current_user=$(stat -f%Su /dev/console)
current_user_id=$(id -u $current_user)

whoami

launchctl asuser $current_user_id sudo -u $current_user whoami

When ran through FileWave, the output of the above will show the output of the 'whoami' command has altered, by first echoing the root username and then the name of the active console user of the device.

If the current user logged in where 'sholden', the output should show:

root
sholden

Execute Powershell Scripts as Defined User

Description

By default, the FileWave Client executes scripts and tasks with elevated permissions (System on Windows). The below shows a method to launch a command as an alternate user.

Ingredients

• Text editor
• FileWave Central

Directions

This method requires the username and password of the user to run the command.  Do not add usernames and passwords directly in scripts.

Credentials of a user may be passed to Invoke-Command.  

Due to the above warning, add the username and password as Environment Variables to the Script in the Fileset.

For example, with a device named DESKTOP-N05SO1D:

Change 'secure_password' and 'user' values to required entries.

These will be referenced in the Powershell Script as:

• $Env:pass
• $Env:user

For example:

$securePassword = ConvertTo-SecureString $Env:pass -AsPlainText -Force
$credential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ($Env:user, $securePassword)

echo "$Env:UserName"

Invoke-Command -ComputerName localhost -Credential $credential -ScriptBlock {
  # Code to action by the defined user should be added here
  echo "$Env:UserName"
}

The output of the above will show that the username has altered, by first echoing the System name and then the name of the user within the script block:

DESKTOP-N05SO1D$
LocalAdmin

The above relies upon 'winrm'.  If there are any issues when running the command, winrm can be checked with the following command: winrm quickconfig

This method will not work if the defined network is 'Public', as winrm will not allow this.

macOS 10.15+ and zsh shell for scripting

Description

Apple announced changes to the default shell for macOS 10.15:

https://support.apple.com/HT208050

Information

For years now, Apple has appeared to avoid any tools that are covered by the GPL v3 Licence as well as remove any that were in use over time.  Bash is one of these.  In the early releases of 10.x Apple initially used tcsh shell as default, but soon moved to bash; so this is not the first time Apple has made a change of this kind.  

In order to avoid newer versions of bash covered by GPL v3 licensing, it can be seen how old bash is on a macOS device:

$ bash -version
GNU bash, version 3.2.57(1)-release (x86_64-apple-darwin18)
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Run the same command on a modern Linux system, e.g. the FileWave Linux Server Appliance and you will see a much newer version:

$ bash -version
GNU bash, version 4.2.46(2)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)
Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>

This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

GPL v3 license has implications for Apple.  zsh is licensed under MIT, which does not involve these same implications.

Considerations

Specifying the shell

The first line of a script should indicate which shell is used when a script runs.

For example, for bash this could typically be either of the following (this is known as the 'shebang'):

#!/bin/bash

#!/usr/bin/env bash

By providing this, the script will run from a shell of the specified type.  Any scripts created should have this set.  If this is not set, then the script will run in the shell type that is currently set for that shell's session.  Apple's changes will have an impact on any scripts not specified by default.  The best practice is to always add the shebang at the beginning of any script to ensure expected behavior.

Bash vs zsh

Bash and zsh are very similar, but there are some differences that may interfere with scripts that were written for bash but are then run as zsh.  Scripts should therefore be analyzed for behavior if the shell type of the script is changed.

Examples

Arrays

The first item of an array differs when being referenced:

• bash reference of the first item in an array: index 0
• zsh reference of the first item in an array: index 1

There is also a difference in deleting items from an array.  The following produces the same output from the same original array, but note differences on the item being indexed and the method of removal:

bash arrays

#!/bin/bash


myarray=("one" "two" "three")
echo ${myarray[@]}
echo "First item in array: "${myarray[0]}

echo "Remove first item in array, item 0..."
unset myarray[0]
echo ${myarray[@]}

exit 0

# Script output:
one two three
First item in array: one
Remove first item in array, item 0...
two three

zsh arrays

#!/bin/zsh

myarray=("one" "two" "three")
echo ${myarray[@]}
echo "First item in array: "${myarray[1]}

echo "Remove first item in array, item 1..."
myarray[1]=()
echo ${myarray[@]}

exit 0

# Script output:
one two three
First item in array: one
Remove first item in array, item 1...
two three

Variable Expansion

Word splitting on variable expansion differs between bash and zsh.  For example, bash will print the following, one line per word, whilst zsh will print the whole variable as one line.  Note also, that bash, by default, will not expand aliases when the shell is not interactive, unlike zsh.

bash variable expansion

#!/bin/bash

# Expand aliases
shopt -s expand_aliases

alias printvar="printf '%s\n'"
myvar='one two'
printvar $myvar

exit 0

# Script output:
one
two

zsh variable expansion

#!/bin/zsh

alias printvar="printf '%s\n'"
myvar='one two'
printvar $myvar

exit 0

# Script output
one two

zsh does have the ability to set an option to change this behavior, but consider converting to an array instead.

Apple has chosen zsh over bash since the overlap on script compatibility is high.  However, as seen there can be differences and so it is prudent to check all scripts for behavior.  The above are just examples; other differences may be experienced and will require addressing appropriately.

Referencing Launch Arguments in Scripts

Description

Scripts ran through FileWave have the option to supply 'Launch Arguments'.  These are referenced from the script but are not included in the body of the script.

They may be supplied to any of the following:

• Fileset Scripts
• Custom Fields
• Policy Blocker Scripts

Often Admins feel that there is a limit of 9 'Launch Arguments' through FileWave, but the below will demonstrate this is not the case.

Information

The Launch Arguments, known as Positional Parameters,  are referenced as follows:

More may be added and each is referenced in turn by its positional place as in the above table.

Considerations

Certain shell types behave differently.  This may particularly show when referencing the 10th or higher supplied argument.

Although two solutions have been supplied, zsh is recommended to stay in line with Apple's policy: https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT208050

bash and sh

The following example was hoped to print the first 3 positional parameters, followed by the 10th and 11th.

bash_test.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo $1
echo $2
echo $3
echo $10
echo $11

exit 0

However, if the character '1' was supplied as single argument the following would be observed when ran:

bash_test.sh

./bash_test.sh 1
1


10
11

The bash and sh shells are examples which treat $10 as ${1}0, $11 as ${1}1, etc.; returning the value of $1 and then appending the additional character (0 or 1 in this example).  

Additional reference: 

• https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/bash-cookbook/0596526784/ch05s07.html
• https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/bash-cookbook/0596526784/ch05s04.html

As such the above output is equivalent to:

To ensure the correct positional parameters are referenced, the variables must be explicitly set to achieve the correct output.

The following shows the corrected script.

bash_test.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo $1
echo $2
echo $3
echo ${10}
echo ${11}

exit 0

Now when executed with 11 positional parameters, the expected output is displayed:

bash_test.sh

./bash_test.sh var1a var2b var3c var4d var5e var6f var7g var8h var9i var10j var11k
var1a
var2b
var3c
var10j
var11k

zsh

Not all shells act the same.  An alternate to the above would be zsh.  Taking the above example as a zsh script:

zsh_test.sh

#!/bin/zsh

echo $1
echo $2
echo $3
echo $10
echo ${11}

exit 0

Given the same 11 arguments, this would output:

zsh_test.sh

./zsh_test.sh var1a var2b var3c var4d var5e var6f var7g var8h var9i var10j var11k
var1a
var2b
var3c
var10j
var11k

Unlike bash and sh, zsh considers $10 to be the 10th argument, $11 the 11th argument and so on and so forth.  Notice zsh may use either format.

Conclusion

Often admins are confused with output results when using 10 or more arguments.  Armed with the above knowledge, this should assist structuring scripts.

Related Content

• Custom Fields
• Filesets / Payloads

Script Best Practices

Description

Tips and tricks for running Filesets with scripts

Don't put passwords in scripts

The scripts are stored locally on devices.  For security reasons, usernames and passwords should not be included within the body of scripts.

For example:

Example: password in command

somecommand -u "USERNAME_HERE" -p "PASSSWORD_HERE"

Additionally, DO NOT use Launch Arguments to provide passwords to scripts.  Launch Arguments are visible in the process list during script execution.  Instead supply the username and password as Environment Variables:

During script execution, the Launch Argument is seen:

Example: Visible Password

$ ps -ef | grep secure
    0 73010   155   0  9:51am ??         0:00.01 /bin/zsh /var/scripts/532417/unsecure_la.sh secure_password_leaked

Using the example Environment Variables from the image, they would be addressed as:

somecommand -u $username -p $my_pass

somecommand -u $Env:username -p $Env:my_pass

somecommand -u %username% -p %my_pass%

import os
 
os.getenv('username')
os.getenv('my_pass')

Keep Requirements Scripts Small

Requirements scripts are pulled from a fileset and sent before the remainder of the fileset.

It behaves this way because if a requirements script fails, there is no point in downloading and installing the remainder of the fileset.

A fileset whose requirements have failed will not even show up in the kiosk.

Where possible, avoid piping commands.  This increases overhead on the scripts.  If pipes are required, try to reduce the quantity of pipes.  If nothing else, this makes the scripts easier to read.

$ time system_profiler SPHardwareDataType | grep "Model Identifier" | awk '{print $NF}'
MacBookPro11,4


$ system_profiler SPHardwareDataType | awk '/Model Identifier/ {print $NF}'
MacBookPro11,4

And other commands may achieve the same result more efficiently without the need to pipe.

$ time system_profiler SPHardwareDataType | grep "Model Identifier" | awk '{print $NF}'
MacBookPro11,4

real	0m0.192s
user	0m0.071s
sys	0m0.049s


$ time sysctl -n hw.model
MacBookPro11,4

real	0m0.004s
user	0m0.001s
sys	0m0.002s

Consider this for all scripts beyond just requirement scripts.

Log Script Output

By default, Fileset scripts built through the Scripts button are logged.  All output is redirected to a unique file per script.

If desired, additional information could be redirected to an alternate file.

Redirecting output to the FileWave Client log, allows the viewing of those details via the 'Get Log' feature

Redirecting to the FileWave Client log is not possible on windows, since the log file is locked by the client writing to the file.

Redirecting Output

Output may be redirected using one of the following:

macOS:

echo "hello" >> /tmp/tmp_log_file.log

Windows:

echo "hello" | Out-File -Append -Encoding Ascii C:\Temp\my_temp_file.log

Better than just redirecting output, consider using the tee/Tee-Object command, such that the FileWave generated log and the redirected log both show the output.

macOS:

echo "hello" | tee -a /tmp/tmp_log_file.log

Windows:

echo "hello" | Tee-Object -Variable out | Out-File -InputObject $out -append -encoding Ascii C:\Temp\my_temp_file.log

On macOS, all output can be redirected by using the following at the beginning of the file:

#!/bin/zsh
exec 1>>/var/log/fwcld.log
exec 2>>/var/log/fwcld.log


... rest of script

Testing Scripts

Scripts run by FileWave are run by root or System.  As such, scripts should be tested using the same user context to prevent erroneous results.  Many commands will yield the same result regardless, but this cannot be relied upon.

Windows

E.g. Running the following command will provide a different output, when ran on a 32bit Windows environment as opposed to a 64bit Windows environment:

 (Get-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion").EditionId

64bit:

 (Get-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion").EditionId
Professional

32bit:

 (Get-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion").EditionId
Enterprise

Similarly, the user executing a script can have an impact on the outcome.  Username itself is a relatively obvious example:

$Env:UserName

When ran locally through a shell, it should report the name of the current user.  However, when ran through FileWave, it should report the System name.

Prior to FileWave 15.5, the Windows client was 32bit, but since then, a 64bit client is supplied.  Either way, the user executing any scripts is the System user.  As such, all tests should be ran in that same context:

Fileset Properties has the option to specify 32 or 64bit, setting the executing environment.

Although FileWave 15.5.0 now provides 64bit options by default, current scripts will automatically be set as 32bit

Custom Fields and Blocker Scripts in 15.5.0 are still currently 32bit only.  This should be addressed in an upcoming release.

PsTools: This relies on downloading and installing, onto the test machine, PsTools.

Running Environment

Prior to FileWave 15.5

Take a look at Getting a CMD prompt as SYSTEM in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 for details about running scripts as System.  Note, that by default, this will start an executable as 64-bit, for native 64-bit OS.

From a device with the PsTools installed, start by opening a Command Shell as an Administrator.  From that shell, another command should be run to open yet another shell, but this time in the chosen environment.

The below example shows launching the 32bit version of PowerShell as the System user:

PSEXEC  -i -s -d C:\Windows\SysWOW64\windowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe

To open a command shell in that same environment would use the following:

PSEXEC -i -s -d %windir%\SysWoW64\cmd.exe

Similarly, when attempting to run some commands, it may be necessary to ensure Windows is using the correct version of a binary with the 'sysnative' redirect.  An example would be Bitlocker's 'manage-bde.exe'.  To use this in a Fileset, try the following:

C:\Windows\sysnative\manage-bde.exe -status

If you have a requirement to run a particular command through the 64-bit version of Powershell this can be achieved as follows: 

If ( [IntPtr]::Size * 8 -ne 64 )
{
    C:\Windows\SysNative\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\PowerShell.exe -File $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Path
}
Else
{
    # Add code here
}

Testing scripts designed to be ran with the 64bit FileWave Client, still requires the above actions, to ensure that the System account has been targeted, but this time with a 64bit application.

Opening a 64bit version of PowerShell as the System user:

PSEXEC  -i -s -d C:\Windows\System32\windowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe

Example 32bit to 64bit

The below demonstrates running a 64bit script, but from the 32bit FileWave Client, which will create a new administrator.  Additionally, the FileSet > Get Info > Environment Variables are being used to supply the name and password to the script.

Two Fileset Environment Variables are being supplied, for the user 'rstephens' with a password of 'filewave'

Those Parameters may then be referenced from within the script and have them defined for the launching of the 64bit executable within this 32bit script.

Param ( 
    [string]$MyUsername = $Env:username,
    [string]$MyPassword = $Env:password
)


If ( [IntPtr]::Size * 8 -ne 64 )
{
    C:\Windows\SysNative\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\PowerShell.exe -File $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Path -MyUsername $MyUsername -MyPassword $MyPassword
}
Else
{
    (New-LocalUser -AccountNeverExpires:$true -Password ( ConvertTo-SecureString -AsPlainText -Force $MyPassword) -Name $MyUsername | Add-LocalGroupMember -Group administrators)
}

Troubleshooting PowerShell scripts

As a best practice, always check the "Disable Windows 32-bit on Windows 64-bit redirection" checkbox in the Properties tab for your fileset priot to FileWave 15.5.0. From 15.5.0 and beyond make sure to uncheck the new "Run as 32 Bit" checkbox so that the Fileset will be truely 64-bit. This ensures that any scripts in the fileset will be run in a 64-bit session and built-in Windows executables triggered by those scripts will call the 64-bit versions. A common reason for why your script might not be performing the expected results could be due to 64-bit Only Modules or Cmdlets: Some PowerShell modules or cmdlets are available only for the 64-bit version of PowerShell. If a script relies on these 64-bit modules, it must run in a 64-bit shell.

macOS

On macOS, running commands as sudo is not necessarily the same as actually becoming root.

Root vs As Root

E.g. Run the following commands to evaluate the local variable $HOME, once using sudo and once as root.

$ whoami
auser
$ sudo echo $HOME
/Users/auser
$ sudo su -
$ whoami 
root
$ echo $HOME
/var/root

Paths

Similarly, the paths used to locate executable files will differ, since FileWave is a service ran as root and is not the root account.  On an example device:

% echo $PATH | tr ":" "\n"
/opt/homebrew/bin
/opt/homebrew/sbin
/var/root/.cask/bin
/usr/local/sbin
/usr/bin
/bin
/usr/sbin
/sbin

% echo $PATH | tr ":" "\n"
/usr/local/bin
/System/Cryptexes/App/usr/bin
/usr/bin
/bin
/usr/sbin
/sbin
/Applications/VMware Fusion.app/Contents/Public
/Library/Apple/usr/bin
/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/local/bin
/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/bin
/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/appleinternal/bin

/usr/bin
/bin
/usr/sbin
/sbin

As such, consider always using the full path within a script to an executable, to be explicit, and ensure the executable is found.

For example, it can be seen from the above that homebrew is installed.

 % ls -al /usr/local/bin/brew 
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root  _developer  28 Mar 23  2023 /usr/local/bin/brew -> /usr/local/homebrew/bin/brew

Running the following command would work as the user or root account, but would fail through FileWave, since the FileWave Client does not search /usr/local at all for executables:

brew -v

To ensure the script works and targets the correct brew, the full path should be entered:

/usr/local/bin/brew -v

Plist

It is common to see plist files edited with the 'defaults' command.  However, this command is unique when it comes to ownership and permissions of files.  The 'defaults' command will both take ownership and change permissions of files when used to write to plist files:

$ whoami   
root
$ ls -al /tmp/example_plist.plist
-rw-r--r--  1 rstephens  staff  66 Feb 28 10:03 /tmp/example_plist.plist
$ defaults write /tmp/example_plist Label example_plist
$ ls -al /tmp/example_plist.plist
-rw-------  1 root  wheel  66 Feb 28 10:05 /tmp/example_plist.plist

As such, ensure to add a repair to scripts to reset permissions and ownership after the command has been used or consider using the following command instead (Note the full path is required if /usr/libexec is not in the paths list:

/usr/libexec/PlistBuddy

Related Content

• Custom Fields
• Filesets / Payloads
• Fileset / Payload Script Exit Code Status

Scripting Languages supported in FileWave

Description

FileWave provides the ability to leverage certain scripting languages on macOS and Windows.  This includes:

	macOS	Windows
Perl
Python
Shell
Bat
PowerShell

FileWave does not include these languages, they are either installed by the OS vendor or will need to be installed separately.  

Apple indicated they would be deprecating pre-installation of certain runtimes, for example: 
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos-release-notes/macos-catalina-10_15-release-notes

When testing any scripts locally prior to deployment through FileWave, it is imperative that they are tested in the same context/environment as if they were being ran by FileWave, as indicated in our Script Best Practices KB.

Script Extensions

Fileset scripts are best added using the Script button from the Fileset view.  Doing so, ensures the script will also log all output automatically, as well as setting a default shebang for macOS shell scripts.

Additionally, when defining the name of the script, the extension is required to match the language.

Only one of the following extensions will allow the editing of the Executable tab, regardless of how they the scripts are added.

EXE files may also benefit from the Executables tab

Specify the type of Shell script, by way of the shebang.  To keep in line with Apple, FileWave will automatically add ZSH as the default shebang: #!/bin/zsh

Example

The below provides examples of how to instal Python on endpoints.  This is one way to achieve this goal, but by no means the only way.  Professional Services requests can be raised for items beyond standard FileWave Support if desired.

Ingredients

• FileWave Central
• Windows EXE

Installers available from either:

• https://www.python.org/ftp/python/
• https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/

Directions

macOS Python Installer

# touch /tmp/.com.apple.dt.CommandLineTools.installondemand.in-progress
# softwareupdate -l
Software Update Tool
 
Finding available software
Software Update found the following new or updated software:
* Label: Command Line Tools for Xcode-12.4
    Title: Command Line Tools for Xcode, Version: 12.4, Size: 440392K, Recommended: YES,
* Label: Command Line Tools for Xcode-13.2
    Title: Command Line Tools for Xcode, Version: 13.2, Size: 577329K, Recommended: YES, 
* Label: Command Line Tools for Xcode-12.5
    Title: Command Line Tools for Xcode, Version: 12.5, Size: 470966K, Recommended: YES,
* Label: Command Line Tools for Xcode-12.5
    Title: Command Line Tools for Xcode, Version: 12.5, Size: 470820K, Recommended: YES,
* Label: macOS Big Sur 11.6.2-20G314

# pip3 list
Package    Version
---------- -------
pip        20.2.3
setuptools 49.2.1
six        1.15.0
wheel      0.33.1
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.2.3; however, version 23.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

# Instal pyobjc
pip3 install pyobjc-core
pip3 install pyobjc-framework-Cocoa
pip3 install pyobjc-framework-Quartz
pip3 install pyobjc-framework-SystemConfiguration

Windows Python Installer

<Options>
<Option Name="InstallAllUsers" Value="1" />
<Option Name="TargetDir" Value="C:\Program Files\Python39" />
<Option Name="DefaultAllUsersTargetDir" Value="C:\Program Files\Python39" />
<Option Name="DefaultJustForMeTargetDir" Value="C:\Program Files\Python39" />
<Option Name="DefaultCustomTargetDir" Value="C:\Program Files\Python39" />
<Option Name="AssociateFiles" Value="1" />
<Option Name="CompileAll" Value="1" />
<Option Name="PrependPath" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Shortcuts" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_doc" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_debug" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_dev" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_exe" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_launcher" Value="1" />
<Option Name="InstallLauncherAllUsers" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_lib" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_pip" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_symbols" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_tcltk" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_test" Value="1" />
<Option Name="Include_tools" Value="1" />
<Option Name="LauncherOnly" Value="0" />
<Option Name="SimpleInstall" Value="0" />
<Option Name="SimpleInstallDescription"></Option>
</Options>

python -m pip install requests

Testing

The following download is a simple Python Custom Field for both macOS and Windows.  It should report the date when ran.

↓ macOS/Windows

If desired, use the Custom Field Assistant window to Import this unzipped, Custom Field example, called 'Date Time'

Using PsExec to Test PowerShell 32bit Scripts on Windows with FileWave

What

FileWave is a Unified Endpoint Management tool that allows organizations to manage and deploy software and settings to macOS, Windows, iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, Chrome, and Android devices. When deploying PowerShell scripts through FileWave, it is important to test the scripts on a Windows device beforehand to ensure that they will function correctly when run through FileWave.

When/Why

FileWave runs all PowerShell scripts in 32bit PowerShell and runs them as SYSTEM. By testing the scripts on a Windows device using PsExec and executing the .ps1 script as SYSTEM with 32bit PowerShell, organizations can gain a better understanding of how the script will function when run through FileWave. This can help prevent potential issues and ensure that the scripts function as intended when deployed to devices.

How

1. Download PsExec from the Sysinternals Suite (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/psexec )

2. Open a Command Prompt or PowerShell window with Administrator privileges

3. Navigate to the folder where PsExec is located

4. Use the following command to run the PowerShell script as SYSTEM with 32bit PowerShell: pPSEXEC  -i -s -d C:\Windows\SysWOW64\windowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe -file "path\to\script.ps1"

Example:

PSEXEC  -i -s -d C:\Windows\SysWOW64\windowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe -file "C:\test\testscript.ps1"

Related Content

• PsExec - Sysinternals | Microsoft Learn
• Script Best Practices

Digging Deeper

PsExec Switches

• -i : runs the program in the interactive mode (the user is prompted to confirm the action)

• -s : runs the program as the SYSTEM account

• -d : runs the program as a background process, without interaction

• -accepteula : automatically accepts the PsExec license agreement

Using 64bit PowerShell in a 32bit PowerShell script

Sometimes, certain tasks cannot be accomplished using 32bit PowerShell. To overcome this limitation, the following code can be used to run a 64bit PowerShell script within a 32bit PowerShell script.

If ( [IntPtr]::Size * 8 -ne 64 )
{
    C:\Windows\SysNative\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\PowerShell.exe -File $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Path
}
Else
{
    # Add code here
}

This code block checks whether the processor architecture is 64-bit or not and runs the script in 64-bit mode and the main script can be run here. It is important to note that running the script in 64-bit mode should only be done when it is not possible to accomplish a task using 32bit PowerShell.

It is always recommended to test the script in a test environment to avoid any misconfigurations, and to make sure it is working as expected.

What languages does FileWave support?

What

FileWave is a Unified Endpoint Management tool that allows users to manage and deploy updates to macOS, Windows, iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, Chrome, and Android devices. It is used by a variety of organizations, including educational institutions, corporations, and state and local governments around the world.

When/Why

It is important to know the languages that FileWave is natively in because it can help users understand the tool and its features more effectively. For example, if a user is more comfortable with a certain language, they may prefer to use the FileWave interface in that language. Additionally, knowing the native languages of FileWave can help organizations decide whether the tool is a good fit for their needs based on the language preferences of their staff or users.

How

FileWave is natively in:

Related Content

• Opening FileWave Central (Admin) in a Specific Language (Windows)
• Opening FileWave Central (Admin) in a Specific Language (macOS)

Troubleshooting

Apple MDM Troubleshooting

This Knowledge base article will help you troubleshoot mdm with FileWave.

Before going deep into troubleshooting, make sure that you have got these steps correct:

1. Your FileWave server should have a fully qualified DNS name (this dns name is the one entered in the Admin Preferences->Mobile)

2. If for some reason you changed the Server DNS Name in Admin Preferences->Mobile, did you re-generate the certificate?
   If you did, then you have to trust the new certificate from the enrollment page ( https://dns:20443/ios)

3. If the APN cert upload fails from Admin Preferences, make sure you followed the exact steps from step 1, as this can be caused of password-protected certificate

4. If all of the above are set and still have problems, you need to create an admin user account for debugging django:
   a. go to the FileWave server and type this command: "sudo fwcontrol mdm addadminuser" and follow the instructions

5. Another important log file is "/usr/local/filewave/log/filewave_django.log"

6. Make sure that your FileWave Admin displays "iOS/MDM Service OK" in the left lower corner in order to be able to manage your devices.

The following are some of the problems encountered before:

Enrolment Error (FileWave MDM Configuration is invalid):

The profile "Filewave MDM Configuration" is invalid. The MDM payload
"Mobile Device Management" contains an invalid topic

This is usually solved by re-generating the APN certificates because you have not generated them correctly.

CONNECTION PROBLEMS**:**

There are cases where ios devices fail to enroll and you get an error similar to this from sentry:

error
(61, 'Connection refused')
Request Method: PUT
Request URL: https://sscfilewave.co.sbmc:20443/ios/mdm_checkin
Exception Type: error
Exception Value: 
(61, 'Connection refused')
Exception Location: /usr/local/filewave/python/lib/python2.7/socket.py in meth, line 222

This error is associated with a port "2195" being closed, you can verify by :

telnet gateway.push.apple.com 2195
Trying 17.172.239.89...
telnet: connect to address 17.172.239.89: Connection refused

the issue will be solved if the IT Admin opens port 2195 for FileWave.

5223 : IOS to apn server port:

port 5223 should be open for IOS clients to reach out to the APN server and receive push notifications.

For a list of all ports used, check this man-

Backup Procedures for FileWave Hosted Servers

What

This article details the backup procedures and policies for FileWave Hosted Servers. Understanding how and what data is backed up is essential for effectively managing and safeguarding your organization's devices and information.

When/Why

Backups are automatically performed daily for all FileWave Hosted Servers. This routine is crucial for disaster recovery, maintaining data integrity, and ensuring minimal downtime in unexpected data loss situations. The retention period for these backups is 30 days, ensuring a sufficient window for recovery if needed.

How

Backups are executed daily and stored securely in highly available AWS S3 buckets. The following paths are included in the backups, ensuring comprehensive coverage of both configuration and operational data:

• /usr/local/filewave/fwxserver/DB
• /private/var/log
• /usr/local/filewave/fwxserver/Data Folder
• /usr/local/filewave/instrumentation_data
• /usr/local/filewave/apache/conf
• /usr/local/filewave/apache/logs
• /usr/local/filewave/apache/passwd
• /usr/local/filewave/django/filewave
• /usr/local/filewave/conf
• /usr/local/filewave/certs
• /usr/local/filewave/fwcld
• /usr/local/filewave/ipa
• /usr/local/filewave/log
• /usr/local/filewave/media
• /usr/local/filewave/tmp
• /var/log
• /usr/local/filewave/scripts
• /usr/local/etc
• /tmp
• /usr/local/filewave/nats
• /install/docker-entrypoint.sh
• /usr/local/filewave/tls
• /etc/filewave_init
• /etc/filewave_setup

It is important to note that while FileWave ensures the security and availability of backups, direct access to these backups by customers is not provided. Going to a backup would generally be based on scenarios such as database or file corruption or the loss of an AWS datacenter due to a disaster.

Related Links

• FileWave Server Backup and Restore for On-Premise

Digging Deeper

Backups are a critical aspect of data management and recovery strategies. They ensure that in the event of data loss, corruption, or disaster, operations can be restored with minimal impact. FileWave's Hosted Server backups are designed to provide a robust and secure safety net for your organization's device management infrastructure.

FileWave Error Codes

Server

Client / Admin

Booster

FileWave Log File Locations

The following lists the locations of log files, as well as some additional files used by FileWave across the FileWave family of products

FileWave Admin

FileWave Admin Logs

FileWave Admin Files

FileWave Booster

Booster Logs

FileWave Client

FileWave Client Logs

FileWave Client Files

Cells highlighted in blue indicate files that are unique per client. These files should not be included when copying or migrating clients from one machine to another. To de-personalise a device, without removing the FileWave Client, some files would require editing, whilst others would need to be removed. If it was felt this was a requirement, consider contacting support to assist with this process.

FileWave Imaging Server (IVS)

IVS Logs

FileWave Server

FileWave Server Logs

Additional Logging

All of the above will default to standard log level. There are 3 levels of logging available:

• 10 – Standard Log Level

• 99 – Debug Log Level

• 101 – Trace Log Level

The level of logging may be set as per our guide:

How to set FileWave Server components to debug mode

How to Restart FileWave Components

There may be times where you will need to restart all components within the FileWave server, or just a single component (postgres or apache). From your macOS or Linux server you can type "fwcontrol", which should give examples of fwcontrol usage.

macOS or Linux Server

You need to prefix commands with sudo to run them with elevated privileges.

At a command prompt:

sudo fwcontrol server stop
sudo fwcontrol server start

You can also accomplish the same end goal by performing a single command:

sudo fwcontrol server restart

It is a matter of preference, but some admins will prefer to execute a stop, then a manual start so that they can see all processes are indeed stopped. 

Subcomponents can be individually stopped as follows:

sudo fwcontrol apache start|stop|restart

sudo fwcontrol postgres start|stop|restart

sudo fwcontrol scheduler start|stop|restart



sudo fwcontrol client start|stop|restart

sudo fwcontrol booster start|stop|restart

Troubleshooting

If you find that the fwcontrol control command is not found, you re-create the alias by inputting this command and then try the fwcontrol commands again:

alias fwcontrol='/usr/local/bin/fwcontrol'

Resolving Network Issues with FileWave Server or Boosters on macOS when using Carbon Black EDR Extension

What

FileWave has observed network issues when the Carbon Black EDR (Endpoint Detection and Response) extension is installed on a FileWave server or booster running on macOS. The issues can manifest as Boosters stopping to answer or respond, leading to disruption in device management workflows.

When/Why

The issue occurs when there is a high volume of network traffic and the Carbon Black EDR extension is inserted into the network stack. The extension's presence in the network stack seems to cause performance issues, which can result in network connectivity and communication problems.

How

If you experience network issues with FileWave when the Carbon Black EDR extension is installed, you can resolve the problem by removing the extension from the FileWave server or booster. This solution has been proven to resolve the issue in multiple cases. On a macOS system, you can use the following command in Terminal.app to list all kernel extensions:

systemextensionsctl list

The output will appear like this:

--- com.apple.system_extension.endpoint_security
enabled    active    teamID    bundleID (version)    name    [state]
*    *    7AGZNQ2S2T    com.vmware.carbonblack.cloud.se-agent.extension (3.7.2fc81/3.7.2fc81)    com.vmware.carbonblack.cloud.se-agent.extension    [activated enabled]

You should check the output of this command to determine if the Carbon Black EDR extension is present on your system. If you have concerns about the performance of the Carbon Black EDR extension in high-volume network traffic environments, it may be worth contacting Carbon Black's support team to discuss the issue further.

Related Content

• General Troubleshooting and Errors
• FileWave Log File Locations
• Booster Installation

Digging Deeper

Kernel extensions (KEXTs) are software modules that can be inserted into the macOS kernel to extend its functionality. They can be used to add new features, support new hardware, or modify the behavior of existing drivers. KEXTs run in kernel mode, which means they have the highest level of privilege and can access system resources directly.

However, KEXTs can also introduce stability and performance issues. Since they run in kernel mode, they can crash the system or cause conflicts with other KEXTs. In addition, they can potentially introduce security vulnerabilities if they're not properly designed or implemented.

The Carbon Black EDR extension is an example of a kernel extension that inserts itself into the macOS network stack. By doing so, it's able to monitor network traffic and detect security threats. However, in high-volume network traffic environments, the extension can cause performance issues, which can lead to disruptions in FileWave's device management workflows.

To manage kernel extensions on macOS, Apple provides the systemextensionsctl command. This command allows you to list, enable, disable, and uninstall extensions. If you're experiencing issues with a KEXT, you can use this command to disable or uninstall it to see if that resolves the issue.

In general, it's important to use kernel extensions with caution and only install those from trusted sources. If you're unsure whether a particular KEXT is necessary or safe to use, you should consult with the vendor or seek advice from a subject matter expert.

What is Compatibility Mode?

FileWave 13.1 introduced new security options and a mode to allow older clients to connect.

Compatibility Mode was removed in FileWave 15.4.0 in favor of only using secure connections.

Problem

I don't know what compatibility mode is and what enable and disable do for me.

Environment

FileWave 13.1 introduces a new method of certificate-based security for communication between components (client, booster, server and IVS). Only 13.1 and greater components are able to generate and properly use certificates to communicate with other components using the new method. Therefore, if your server is running 13.1 but you have components that are older than 13.1 they can not generate the needed certificates to have the highest level of security, and will not be able to communicate together.

Resolution

Compatibility Mode Enabled

The server allows older clients, boosters, and IVS to communicate with the server with or without valid certificates

Compatibility Mode Disabled

The server will not allow any client, booster, or IVS to communicate with the server unless it has a valid and unique certificate. Boosters and clients are also checking peer certificates and will only communicate if the peer certificate is valid.

Additional Information

When you disable compatibility mode (uncheck the box in preferences) you will receive a warning of clients, boosters, and imaging appliances (AKA IVS), that may potentially be disconnected by you enabling this mode. If you get this warning, it is recommended that you cancel, and resolve the issue before compatibility mode is disabled.

Related Content

• For approving devices see: Enrolling Computer Clients
• For approving boosters see: Booster installation

FileWave Automation Scripts

This article contains the scripts used by the Downloads page. The scripts are here for documentation purposes.

Scripts

FileWave Server Upgrade

fwxserver_upgrade.sh - This script is used by the Download page fro FileWave Server upgrades on Debian. Some details;

# To run this script, use the following 1-liner:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/411 | sudo bash -s -- -v <version> -r <revision> [-b for beta] -y
# Example for version 15.5.0 with revision 1 in production:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/411 | sudo bash -s -- -v 15.5.0 -r 1 -p -y

#!/bin/bash
# Documentation
# To run this script, use the following 1-liner:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/411 | sudo bash -s -- -v <version> -r <revision> [-b for beta] -y
# Example for version 15.5.0 with revision 1 in production:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/411 | sudo bash -s -- -v 15.5.0 -r 1 -p -y

# Ensure script is run with sudo/root privileges
if [ "$EUID" -ne 0 ]; then
    die "This script must be run with sudo or as root."
fi

# Ensure script is running on a Debian-based system
if ! grep -iq "debian" /etc/os-release; then
    die "This script must be run on a Debian-based system."
fi

# Set default values for version, revision, and server type
VERSION="15.5.0"
REVISION="1"
SERVER_TYPE="prod"
BASE_URL="https://fwdl.filewave.com"
auto_yes=false

if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "Usage: curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/409 | sudo bash -s -- -v <version> -r <revision> [-b for beta | -p for prod] [-y for auto-yes]"
    echo "
Options:"
    echo "  -v, --version    Specify the version of FileWave Server to install (e.g., 15.5.0)"
    echo "  -r, --revision   Specify the revision number (e.g., 1)"
    echo "  -d, --dev		 Use Dev server for downloads (default is production)"
    echo "  -b, --beta       Use beta server for downloads (default is production)"
    echo "  -p, --prod       Use production server for downloads"
    echo "  -y, --yes        Automatically answer 'yes' to all prompts"
    exit 1
fi

# Function to handle errors and display messages
die() {
    echo "[ERROR] $1" >&2
    exit 1
}

# Log all actions to syslog for audit purposes
LOG_FILE="/var/log/filewave_server_update.log"
touch "$LOG_FILE" || die "Failed to create log file $LOG_FILE. Check permissions."
chmod 644 "$LOG_FILE" || die "Failed to set permissions on log file $LOG_FILE."
if [[ ! -w "$LOG_FILE" ]]; then
    die "Cannot write to log file $LOG_FILE. Please check permissions."
fi
exec > >(stdbuf -oL tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1
echo "Logging to $LOG_FILE"

# Parse input arguments
while [[ "$#" -gt 0 ]]; do
    case $1 in
        -v|--version)
            VERSION="$2"
            shift 2
            ;;
        -r|--revision)
            REVISION="$2"
            shift 2
            ;;
		-d|--dev)
			SERVER_TYPE="dev"
			shift
			;;
        -b|--beta)
            SERVER_TYPE="beta"
            shift
            ;;
        -p|--prod)
            SERVER_TYPE="prod"
            shift
            ;;
        -y|--yes)
            auto_yes=true
            shift
            ;;          
        *)
            echo "Unknown option: $1"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
done

# Confirm actions with the user
echo "This script will update your OS and install/upgrade the FileWave Server packages."
echo "Version: $VERSION, Revision: $REVISION, Server Type: $SERVER_TYPE"
if [[ "$auto_yes" == "true" ]]; then
    confirm="yes"
else
    read -p "Do you wish to proceed? (yes/no): " confirm < /dev/tty
fi
if [[ ! "$confirm" =~ ^[Yy]([Ee][Ss])?$ ]]; then
    echo "Aborting installation as requested."
    exit 0
fi

# Set the appropriate URL based on server type
if [ "$SERVER_TYPE" = "beta" ]; then
    BASE_URL="https://fwbetas.filewave.com"
elif [ "$SERVER_TYPE" = "dev" ]; then
    BASE_URL="https://fwdevdl.filewave.com"
else
    # Default to production download server
    BASE_URL="https://fwdl.filewave.com"
fi

# 1. Install Essential Tools
echo "Installing essential tools..."
apt-get clean || die "Failed to clean apt cache."
apt-get update -y || die "Failed to update package list."
apt-get --fix-broken install -y || die "Failed to fix broken installs from apt."
apt-get autoremove -y || die "Failed to autoremove from apt."

for dep in "curl" "zip" "gdebi"; do
    if ! command -v $dep &> /dev/null; then
        echo "$dep not found. Installing $dep..."
        apt-get install -y $dep || die "Failed to install $dep."
    fi
done

if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' net-tools 2>/dev/null | grep -q "install ok installed"; then
    echo "net-tools not found. Installing net-tools..."
    apt-get install -y net-tools || die "Failed to install net-tools."
fi

# Check the current version of FileWave Server
INSTALLED_VERSION=$(dpkg-query -W -f='${Version}' fwxserver 2>/dev/null || true)
# If no FileWave Server package is installed, set the version to 1.0.0 for comparison purposes
if [[ -z "$INSTALLED_VERSION" || "$INSTALLED_VERSION" == "none" ]]; then
    echo "No FileWave Server packages are installed. Proceeding with initial installation of version $VERSION..."
    INSTALLED_VERSION="1.0.0"
fi

install_packages() {
    echo "Downloading and installing FileWave Server package..."
    PACKAGE="fwxserver_${VERSION}_amd64.deb"
    DOWNLOAD_DIR="/tmp/filewave_install_$$"
    mkdir -p "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" || die "Failed to create download directory."
    trap 'rm -rf "$DOWNLOAD_DIR"' EXIT
    echo "Downloading $PACKAGE..."
    for i in {1..3}; do
        curl -fSL "$BASE_URL/$VERSION/$PACKAGE" -o "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$PACKAGE" && break
        echo "Retrying download ($i/3)..."
        sleep 5
    done
    if [[ ! -f "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$PACKAGE" ]]; then
        die "Failed to download $PACKAGE after multiple attempts."
    fi
    echo "Installing $PACKAGE..."
    gdebi -n "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$PACKAGE" || die "Failed to install $PACKAGE"

    # Clean up the download directory
    if [[ -d "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" ]]; then
        rm -rf "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" || echo "Warning: Failed to remove download directory $DOWNLOAD_DIR"
    fi
}

# This is the meat of the script.
# The actions to take based on version.
if dpkg --compare-versions "$INSTALLED_VERSION" lt "$VERSION"; then
    echo "Upgrading to FileWave Server version $VERSION..."
    install_packages
elif dpkg --compare-versions "$INSTALLED_VERSION" eq "$VERSION"; then
    echo "FileWave Server is already at version $VERSION, no further installation required."
else
    echo "FileWave Server is newer than $VERSION and downgrade is not possible with this script."
fi

# Clean up the download directory
if [[ -d "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" ]]; then
    rm -rf "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" || echo "Warning: Failed to remove download directory $DOWNLOAD_DIR"
fi

# 4. OS Upgrade
echo "Warning: This script will upgrade the entire OS. This is required for security."
if [[ "$auto_yes" == "true" ]]; then
    upgrade_confirm="yes"
else
    read -p "Do you wish to proceed with the OS upgrade? (yes/no): " upgrade_confirm < /dev/tty
fi
if [[ ! "$upgrade_confirm" =~ ^[Yy]([Ee][Ss])?$ ]]; then
    echo "Skipping OS upgrade."
else
    echo "Upgrading the system..."
    apt-get update -y || die "Failed to update package list."
    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get upgrade -y -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confold" || die "System upgrade failed."
fi

# 5. Reboot the system to complete the installation
echo "The system will reboot in 15 seconds to complete the installation."
if [[ "$auto_yes" == "true" ]]; then
    reboot_confirm="yes"
else
    read -p "Do you want to reboot now? (yes/no): " reboot_confirm < /dev/tty
fi
if [[ "$reboot_confirm" =~ ^[Yy]([Ee][Ss])?$ ]]; then
    echo "Rebooting system in 15 seconds... Please remember that you can check the log file at $LOG_FILE after the reboot to see the full details of the update."
    sleep 15
    reboot
else
    echo "Skipping reboot. Please remember to reboot manually to apply all changes."
fi

# The end

FileWave Booster Upgrade

fwbooster_upgrade.sh - This script is used by the Download page fro FileWave Booster upgrades on Debian. Some details;

# To run this script, use the following 1-liner:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/412 | sudo bash -s -- -v <version> -r <revision> [-b for beta] -y
# Example for version 15.5.0 with revision 1 in production:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/412 | sudo bash -s -- -v 15.5.0 -r 1 -p -y

#!/bin/bash
# Documentation
# To run this script, use the following 1-liner:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/412 | sudo bash -s -- -v <version> -r <revision> [-b for beta] -y
# Example for version 15.5.0 with revision 1 in production:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/412 | sudo bash -s -- -v 15.5.0 -r 1 -p -y

# Ensure script is run with sudo/root privileges
if [ "$EUID" -ne 0 ]; then
    die "This script must be run with sudo or as root."
fi

# Ensure script is running on a Debian-based system
if ! grep -iq "debian" /etc/os-release; then
    die "This script must be run on a Debian-based system."
fi

# Set default values for version, revision, and server type
VERSION="15.5.0"
REVISION="1"
SERVER_TYPE="prod"
BASE_URL="https://fwdl.filewave.com"
auto_yes=false

if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "Usage: curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/409 | sudo bash -s -- -v <version> -r <revision> [-b for beta | -p for prod] [-y for auto-yes]"
    echo "\nOptions:"
    echo "  -v, --version    Specify the version of FileWave Booster to install (e.g., 15.5.0)"
    echo "  -r, --revision   Specify the revision number (e.g., 1)"
    echo "  -d, --dev		 Use Dev server for downloads (default is production)"
    echo "  -b, --beta       Use beta server for downloads (default is production)"
    echo "  -p, --prod       Use production server for downloads"
    echo "  -y, --yes        Automatically answer 'yes' to all prompts"
    exit 1
fi

# Function to handle errors and display messages
die() {
    echo "[ERROR] $1" >&2
    exit 1
}

# Log all actions to syslog for audit purposes
LOG_FILE="/var/log/filewave_booster_update.log"
touch "$LOG_FILE" || die "Failed to create log file $LOG_FILE. Check permissions."
chmod 644 "$LOG_FILE" || die "Failed to set permissions on log file $LOG_FILE."
if [[ ! -w "$LOG_FILE" ]]; then
    die "Cannot write to log file $LOG_FILE. Please check permissions."
fi
exec > >(stdbuf -oL tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1
echo "Logging to $LOG_FILE"

# Parse input arguments
while [[ "$#" -gt 0 ]]; do
    case $1 in
        -v|--version)
            VERSION="$2"
            shift 2
            ;;
        -r|--revision)
            REVISION="$2"
            shift 2
            ;;
		-d|--dev)
			SERVER_TYPE="dev"
			shift
			;;
        -b|--beta)
            SERVER_TYPE="beta"
            shift
            ;;
        -p|--prod)
            SERVER_TYPE="prod"
            shift
            ;;
        -y|--yes)
            auto_yes=true
            shift
            ;;          
        *)
            echo "Unknown option: $1"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
done

# Confirm actions with the user
echo "This script will update your OS and install/upgrade the FileWave Booster packages."
echo "Version: $VERSION, Revision: $REVISION, Server Type: $SERVER_TYPE"
if [[ "$auto_yes" == "true" ]]; then
    confirm="yes"
else
    read -p "Do you wish to proceed? (yes/no): " confirm < /dev/tty
fi
if [[ ! "$confirm" =~ ^[Yy]([Ee][Ss])?$ ]]; then
    echo "Aborting installation as requested."
    exit 0
fi

# Set the appropriate URL based on server type
if [ "$SERVER_TYPE" = "beta" ]; then
    BASE_URL="https://fwbetas.filewave.com"
elif [ "$SERVER_TYPE" = "dev" ]; then
    BASE_URL="https://fwdevdl.filewave.com"
else
    # Default to production download server
    BASE_URL="https://fwdl.filewave.com"
fi

# 1. Install Essential Tools
echo "Installing essential tools..."
apt-get clean || die "Failed to clean apt cache."
apt-get update -y || die "Failed to update package list."
apt-get --fix-broken install -y || die "Failed to fix broken installs from apt."
apt-get autoremove -y || die "Failed to autoremove from apt."

for dep in "curl" "zip" "gdebi"; do
    if ! command -v $dep &> /dev/null; then
        echo "$dep not found. Installing $dep..."
        apt-get install -y $dep || die "Failed to install $dep."
    fi
done

if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' net-tools 2>/dev/null | grep -q "install ok installed"; then
    echo "net-tools not found. Installing net-tools..."
    apt-get install -y net-tools || die "Failed to install net-tools."
fi

# Check the current version of FileWave Booster
INSTALLED_VERSION=$(dpkg-query -W -f='${Version}' fwbooster 2>/dev/null || true)
# If no FileWave Booster package is installed, set the version to 1.0.0 for comparison purposes
if [[ -z "$INSTALLED_VERSION" || "$INSTALLED_VERSION" == "none" ]]; then
    echo "No FileWave Booster packages are installed. Proceeding with initial installation of version $VERSION..."
    INSTALLED_VERSION="1.0.0"
fi

install_packages() {
    echo "Downloading and installing FileWave Booster package..."
    PACKAGE="fwbooster_${VERSION}_amd64.deb"
    DOWNLOAD_DIR="/tmp/filewave_install_$$"
    mkdir -p "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" || die "Failed to create download directory."
    trap 'rm -rf "$DOWNLOAD_DIR"' EXIT
    echo "Downloading $PACKAGE..."
    for i in {1..3}; do
        curl -fSL "$BASE_URL/$VERSION/$PACKAGE" -o "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$PACKAGE" && break
        echo "Retrying download ($i/3)..."
        sleep 5
    done
    if [[ ! -f "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$PACKAGE" ]]; then
        die "Failed to download $PACKAGE after multiple attempts."
    fi
    echo "Installing $PACKAGE..."
    gdebi -n "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$PACKAGE" || die "Failed to install $PACKAGE"

    # Clean up the download directory
    if [[ -d "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" ]]; then
        rm -rf "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" || echo "Warning: Failed to remove download directory $DOWNLOAD_DIR"
    fi
}

# This is the meat of the script.
# The actions to take based on version.
if dpkg --compare-versions "$INSTALLED_VERSION" lt "$VERSION"; then
    echo "Upgrading to FileWave Booster version $VERSION..."
    install_packages
elif dpkg --compare-versions "$INSTALLED_VERSION" eq "$VERSION"; then
    echo "FileWave Booster is already at version $VERSION, no further installation required."
else
    echo "FileWave Booster is newer than $VERSION and downgrade is not possible with this script."
fi

# Clean up the download directory
if [[ -d "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" ]]; then
    rm -rf "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" || echo "Warning: Failed to remove download directory $DOWNLOAD_DIR"
fi

# 4. OS Upgrade
echo "Warning: This script will upgrade the entire OS. This is required for security."
if [[ "$auto_yes" == "true" ]]; then
    upgrade_confirm="yes"
else
    read -p "Do you wish to proceed with the OS upgrade? (yes/no): " upgrade_confirm < /dev/tty
fi
if [[ ! "$upgrade_confirm" =~ ^[Yy]([Ee][Ss])?$ ]]; then
    echo "Skipping OS upgrade."
else
    echo "Upgrading the system..."
    apt-get update -y || die "Failed to update package list."
    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get upgrade -y -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confold" || die "System upgrade failed."
fi

# 5. Reboot the system to complete the installation
echo "The system will reboot in 15 seconds to complete the installation."
if [[ "$auto_yes" == "true" ]]; then
    reboot_confirm="yes"
else
    read -p "Do you want to reboot now? (yes/no): " reboot_confirm < /dev/tty
fi
if [[ "$reboot_confirm" =~ ^[Yy]([Ee][Ss])?$ ]]; then
    echo "Rebooting system in 15 seconds... Please remember that you can check the log file at $LOG_FILE after the reboot to see the full details of the update."
    sleep 15
    reboot
else
    echo "Skipping reboot. Please remember to reboot manually to apply all changes."
fi

# The end

FileWave IVS Upgrade

ivs_upgrade.sh - This script is used by the Download page for IVS upgrades on Debian. Some details;

# To run this script, use the following 1-liner:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/408 | sudo bash -s -- -v <version> -r <revision> [-b for beta] -y
# Example for version 15.5.0 with revision 1 in production:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/408 | sudo bash -s -- -v 15.5.0 -r 1 -p -y

#!/bin/bash
# Documentation
# To run this script, use the following 1-liner:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/408 | sudo bash -s -- -v <version> -r <revision> [-b for beta] -y
# Example for version 15.5.0 with revision 1 in production:
# curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/408 | sudo bash -s -- -v 15.5.0 -r 1 -p -y

# Ensure script is run with sudo/root privileges
if [ "$EUID" -ne 0 ]; then
    die "This script must be run with sudo or as root."
fi

# Ensure script is running on a Debian-based system
if ! grep -iq "debian" /etc/os-release; then
    die "This script must be run on a Debian-based system."
fi

# Set default values for version, revision, and server type
VERSION="15.5.0"
REVISION="1"
SERVER_TYPE="prod"
BASE_URL="https://fwdl.filewave.com"
auto_yes=false
setup_cron_job=false
install_packages=false

if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "Usage: curl -fsSL https://kb.filewave.com/attachments/401 | sudo bash -s -- -v <version> -r <revision> [-b for beta | -p for prod] [-y for auto-yes]"
    echo "
Options:"
    echo "  -v, --version    Specify the version of FileWave IVS to install (e.g., 15.5.0)"
    echo "  -r, --revision   Specify the revision number (e.g., 1)"
    echo "  -d, --dev		 Use Dev server for downloads (default is production)"
    echo "  -b, --beta       Use beta server for downloads (default is production)"
    echo "  -p, --prod       Use production server for downloads"
    echo "  -y, --yes        Automatically answer 'yes' to all prompts"
    exit 1
fi

# Function to handle errors and display messages
die() {
    echo "[ERROR] $1" >&2
    exit 1
}

# Log all actions to syslog for audit purposes
LOG_FILE="/var/log/filewave_ivs_update.log"
touch "$LOG_FILE" || die "Failed to create log file $LOG_FILE. Check permissions."
chmod 644 "$LOG_FILE" || die "Failed to set permissions on log file $LOG_FILE."
if [[ ! -w "$LOG_FILE" ]]; then
    die "Cannot write to log file $LOG_FILE. Please check permissions."
fi
exec > >(stdbuf -oL tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1
echo "Logging to $LOG_FILE"

# Parse input arguments
while [[ "$#" -gt 0 ]]; do
    case $1 in
        -v|--version)
            VERSION="$2"
            shift 2
            ;;
        -r|--revision)
            REVISION="$2"
            shift 2
            ;;
		-d|--dev)
			SERVER_TYPE="dev"
			shift
			;;
        -b|--beta)
            SERVER_TYPE="beta"
            shift
            ;;
        -p|--prod)
            SERVER_TYPE="prod"
            shift
            ;;
        -y|--yes)
            auto_yes=true
            shift
            ;;          
        *)
            echo "Unknown option: $1"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
done

# Confirm actions with the user
echo "This script will update your OS and install/upgrade the FileWave IVS packages."
echo "Version: $VERSION, Revision: $REVISION, Server Type: $SERVER_TYPE"
if [[ "$auto_yes" == "true" ]]; then
    confirm="yes"
else
    read -p "Do you wish to proceed? (yes/no): " confirm < /dev/tty
fi
if [[ ! "$confirm" =~ ^[Yy]([Ee][Ss])?$ ]]; then
    echo "Aborting installation as requested."
    exit 0
fi

# Set the appropriate URL based on server type
if [ "$SERVER_TYPE" = "beta" ]; then
    BASE_URL="https://fwbetas.filewave.com"
elif [ "$SERVER_TYPE" = "dev" ]; then
    BASE_URL="https://fwdevdl.filewave.com"
else
    # Default to production download server
    BASE_URL="https://fwdl.filewave.com"
fi

# 1. Install Essential Tools
echo "Installing essential tools..."
apt-get clean || die "Failed to clean apt cache."
apt-get update -y || die "Failed to update package list."
apt-get --fix-broken install -y || die "Failed to fix broken installs from apt."
apt-get autoremove -y || die "Failed to autoremove from apt."

for dep in "python3" "curl" "zip" "gdebi"; do
    if ! command -v $dep &> /dev/null; then
        echo "$dep not found. Installing $dep..."
        apt-get install -y $dep || die "Failed to install $dep."
    fi
done

if ! dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' net-tools 2>/dev/null | grep -q "install ok installed"; then
    echo "net-tools not found. Installing net-tools..."
    apt-get install -y net-tools || die "Failed to install net-tools."
fi

# Check current version
INSTALLED_VERSION=$(dpkg-query -W -f='${Version}' ivs-kernel 2>/dev/null || true)
if [[ -z "$INSTALLED_VERSION" || "$INSTALLED_VERSION" == "none" ]]; then
    die "No FileWave IVS packages are installed. Please use the FileWave IVS Appliance image to set up IVS initially."
fi

# Extract installed main version and revision
INSTALLED_MAIN_VERSION=$(echo "$INSTALLED_VERSION" | cut -d'-' -f1)
INSTALLED_REVISION=$(echo "$INSTALLED_VERSION" | cut -d'-' -f2)

if [[ -z "$INSTALLED_REVISION" ]]; then
    INSTALLED_REVISION=0
fi

# Prevent installing 15.5.0
if dpkg --compare-versions "$VERSION" eq "15.5.0"; then
    echo "Installing FileWave IVS 15.5.0 is not supported. Please install version 15.5.1 or newer."
    exit 1
fi

# Prevent downgrades or re-installing the same version
if dpkg --compare-versions "$INSTALLED_MAIN_VERSION" gt "$VERSION" || \
   ( dpkg --compare-versions "$INSTALLED_MAIN_VERSION" eq "$VERSION" && [[ "$INSTALLED_REVISION" -ge "$REVISION" ]] ); then
    echo "Installed version ($INSTALLED_VERSION) is newer or equal to the requested version ($VERSION-$REVISION)."
    echo "Aborting to prevent downgrade or re-installation of the same version."
    exit 1
fi

install_packages() {
    echo "Downloading and installing FileWave IVS packages..."
    PACKAGE_ORDER=(
        "filewave-admin_${VERSION}_amd64.deb"
        "filewave-imaging-client_${VERSION}_amd64.deb"
        "ivs-kernel-${VERSION}-${REVISION}.x86_64.deb"
        "filewave-ivs_${VERSION}_amd64.deb"
    )
    DOWNLOAD_DIR="/tmp/filewave_install_$$"
    mkdir -p "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" || die "Failed to create download directory."
    trap 'rm -rf "$DOWNLOAD_DIR"' EXIT
    for package in "${PACKAGE_ORDER[@]}"; do
        echo "Downloading $package..."
        for i in {1..3}; do
            curl -fSL "$BASE_URL/$VERSION/$package" -o "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$package" && break
            echo "Retrying download ($i/3)..."
            sleep 5
        done
        if [[ ! -f "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$package" ]]; then
            die "Failed to download $package after multiple attempts."
        fi
        echo "Installing $package..."
        gdebi -n "$DOWNLOAD_DIR/$package" || die "Failed to install $package"
    done

    # Clean up the download directory
    if [[ -d "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" ]]; then
        rm -rf "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" || echo "Warning: Failed to remove download directory $DOWNLOAD_DIR"
    fi
}

# If we reach this point, the requested version is newer than the installed version.
echo "Upgrading from $INSTALLED_VERSION to $VERSION-$REVISION..."
install_packages

# Clean up the download directory
if [[ -d "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" ]]; then
    rm -rf "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" || echo "Warning: Failed to remove download directory $DOWNLOAD_DIR"
fi

# 4. OS Upgrade
echo "Warning: This script will upgrade the entire OS. This is required for security."
if [[ "$auto_yes" == "true" ]]; then
    upgrade_confirm="yes"
else
    read -p "Do you wish to proceed with the OS upgrade? (yes/no): " upgrade_confirm < /dev/tty
fi
if [[ ! "$upgrade_confirm" =~ ^[Yy]([Ee][Ss])?$ ]]; then
    echo "Skipping OS upgrade."
else
    echo "Upgrading the system..."
    apt-get update -y || die "Failed to update package list."
    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get upgrade -y -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confold" || die "System upgrade failed."
fi

# 5. Reboot the system to complete the installation
echo "The system will reboot in 15 seconds to complete the installation."
if [[ "$auto_yes" == "true" ]]; then
    reboot_confirm="yes"
else
    read -p "Do you want to reboot now? (yes/no): " reboot_confirm < /dev/tty
fi
if [[ "$reboot_confirm" =~ ^[Yy]([Ee][Ss])?$ ]]; then
    echo "Rebooting system in 15 seconds... Please remember that you can check the log file at $LOG_FILE after the reboot to see the full details of the update."
    sleep 15
    reboot
else
    echo "Skipping reboot. Please remember to reboot manually to apply all changes."
fi

# The end

Rufus - Creating bootable USB drives

What

In this article, we will explain how to use Rufus, a free and open-source utility that helps format and create bootable USB flash drives. Rufus is widely used for creating installation media from bootable ISOs, such as Windows, Linux, and other operating systems. It is an essential tool for anyone needing to install an OS from a USB drive. While this does not directly tie into FileWave UEM, we use it for making bootable USB flash drives and think you'll like it. 

When/Why

You would use Rufus in scenarios where you need to:

1. Create a bootable USB drive to install or repair an operating system.
2. Perform system recovery or troubleshooting on a computer that won’t boot normally.
3. Install various versions of Windows or Linux from a USB drive instead of a CD/DVD.
4. Run a live version of an operating system for testing or recovery purposes.

How

Step-by-Step Guide to Using Rufus

1. Download Rufus:

   • Visit the Rufus download page and download the latest version of the software.
   • Rufus is a portable application, so no installation is required. Simply run the downloaded executable file.

2. Prepare Your USB Drive:

   • Insert your USB flash drive into a USB port on your computer.
   • Ensure that the drive has no important data, as it will be formatted during the process.

3. Launch Rufus:

   • Open Rufus by double-clicking the executable file.
   • Rufus will automatically detect your USB drive.

4. Select Bootable ISO:

   • In the "Boot selection" section, click the "Select" button to choose the ISO file you want to use.
   • Navigate to the location of your ISO file and select it.

5. Configure Rufus Settings:

   • Partition Scheme: Choose "MBR" for BIOS or UEFI or "GPT" for UEFI only.
   • File System: Generally, NTFS is recommended for Windows installations, while FAT32 is used for other operating systems.
   • Rufus will adjust the settings automatically based on the selected ISO file.

6. Start the Process:

   • Click the "Start" button to begin the creation of the bootable USB drive.
   • Rufus will warn you that all data on the USB drive will be destroyed. Confirm to proceed.
   • Wait for Rufus to complete the process. This may take several minutes.

7. Completion:

   • Once Rufus has finished, you will see a "Ready" status.
   • Safely eject the USB drive from your computer.

Your bootable USB drive is now ready to be used for installing or repairing your operating system.

Related Content

• How to create a bootable USB drive for Windows
• Creating a bootable USB drive for Linux
  

Digging Deeper

Rufus offers several advanced features that can be very useful:

• Persistent Storage: Rufus supports persistent storage for some Linux distributions, allowing you to save changes and data between sessions.
• Bad Block Check: Rufus can perform a bad block check on your USB drive to ensure its integrity before creating the bootable media.
• UEFI and BIOS Compatibility: Rufus can create bootable USB drives that are compatible with both UEFI and BIOS systems, ensuring broad compatibility.

For more detailed information, troubleshooting, and FAQs, you can visit the official Rufus Wiki.